While there are also African and American texts based on oral traditions that may extend back into medieval times, the written texts that we have of these compositions are modern renditions of ancient oral material, and so I have not included them here. Nevertheless, this book is intended to make general sense of that dizzying array of texts and traditions for beginning students of the era, by selecting the foremost texts and writers from each of the major traditions of Europe and Asia. To compose an encyclopedia of “medieval literature” of the world is a daunting prospect, since it involves a significant period of time (more than 1,000 years) and a remarkable number of literary traditions (European, Middle Eastern, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean-and important subcategories of each). I also want to express my gratitude to the University Research Council at the University of Cen. Little at Northern State University and Leslie Johnston and Michelle Palmer at the University of Central Arkansas. I also want to thank the three editorial assistants who helped with the editing of the manuscript and contributed a number of entries themselves: Malene A. They are listed individually at the end of the volume, but I must specifically acknowledge the work of Albrecht Classen of the University of Arizona and Elisa Narin van Court of Colby College, who gladly contributed a significant number of entries each. I owe an important debt of gratitude to the contributors whose expertise helped put this book together. Finally, I want to thank Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc., for permission to quote extensively from German and Italian Lyrics of the Middle Ages and from The Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères, two excellent 1973 anthologies translated by Frederick Goldin. Tral Arkansas, chaired by Elaine McNiece, for their generous grant that enabled me to hire two of my editorial assistants. Writers Covered, by Language of Composition Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Berlin Cover design by Smart Graphics Quotations from German and Italian Lyrics of the Middle Ages, copyright © 1973 by Frederick Goldin, and The Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères, copyright © 1973 by Frederick Goldin, are used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at Text design by Rachel L. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. PN669.R88 2005 809’.02-dc22 2004031066 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Includes bibliographical references and index. Encyclopedia of medieval literature / Jay Ruud. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ruud, Jay. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc.
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. He bravely fought against the Greek enemies and received all the wounds and injuries on itself, not allowing them to harm his master anymore.ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Jay Ruudįor Stacey, My own Beatrice Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature Copyright © 2006 by Jay Ruud All rights reserved.
Porus and His Elephant Questions & Answers Question 1: How did the elephant saved the life of Porus?Īnswer: The elephant saved the life of Porus by sacrificing his life. This story of the animal’s bravery and faithfulness became a legend for the people to remember. King Porus was saved but his elephant died of its wounds. In the end, the poet says that these animals may seem dumb to us but even they can love and show their feelings by crying and panting. It stood like a wall and took all the arrows on itself and then lifted him against to a safe corner. The poet calls the elephant a faithful beast as he played a gallant part in protecting his king against the attack of his enemies. Suddenly, the king got wounded and fell down. King Porus was on his elephant, fighting a fierce battle against his enemies. It is a story of king Porus who went to fight against the army of Alexander the Great, in order to defend his nation. In this ballad, the poet narrates the story of a king and his elephant. The poem is written by Marry Dobson in the form of a ballad. Porus and His Elephant Summary & Questions & Answers Porus and His Elephant Summary
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